There are three categories of applications with regard to networks:
1. Stand alone applications - Includes editors
2. Network versions of stand alone applications - May be licensed for multiple users.
3. Applications only for a network include databases, mail, group scheduling, groupware.
Models for network applications
1. Client-server - Processing is split between the client which interacts with the user and the server
performing back end processing.
2. Shared file systems - The server is used for file storage and the processing of the file is done on
the client computer.
3. Applications that are centralized - An example is a Telnet session. The data and the program run
on the central computer and the user uses an interface such as the Telnet client or X server to send
commands to the central computer and to see the results.
E-mail Systems
l Novell GroupWise - Also called Windows Messaging
l Microsoft Mail
l Microsoft Exchange - This is for the Microsoft Exchange Server. There is a Microsoft Exchange
client for the Microsoft Exchange server and a client for an internet mail account only.
l Lotus Notes
l cc:Mail - From Lotus and IBM
There are several types of programs used in the process of sending and receiving mail. They are:
l MUA - Mail users agent. This is the program a user will use to type e-mail. It usually incorporates
an editor for support. The user types the mail and it is passed to the sending MTA. This may also
be called the user agent (UA).
l MTA - Message transfer agent is used to pass mail from the sending machine to the receiving
machine. There is a MTA program running on both the sending and receiving machine. Sendmail
is a MTA.
l MS - Message Store is a storage area for messages that can't be delivered immediately when the
recipient is off-line.
l AU - Access Unit provides access to resources like fax, telex, and teletex.
l LDA - Local delivery agent on the receiving machine receives the mail from its MTA. This
program is usually procmail.
l Mail notifier - This program notifies the recipient that they have mail. Normally this requires two
Network Applications
programs, biff and comsat. Biff allows the administrator or user to turn on comsat service.
Other components of mail service include:
l Directory services - A list of users on a system. Microsoft provides a Global Address List and a
Personal Address Book.
l Post Office - This is where the messages are stored.
Mail API
Mail application programming interfaces (APIs) allow e-mail support to be integrated into application
programs.
l MAPI - Microsoft's Messaging API incorporated throughout Microsoft's office products provides
support for mail at the application level.
l VIM - Vendor-Independent Messaging protocol from Lotus is supported by many vendors
exclusive of Microsoft.
Message Handling Service (MHS)
l MHS and Global MHS by Novell
l MHS by OSI - It is called MOTIS (message-oriented text interchange system).
X.500
This is a recommendation outlining how an organization can share objects and names on a large network.
It is hierarchical similar to DNS, defining domains consisting of organizations, divisions, departments,
and workgroups. The domains provide information about the users and available resources on that
domain, This X.500 system is like a directory. Its recommendation comes from the International
Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT).
Scheduling systems
l Microsoft Schedule+
l Lotus Organizer
Groupware
Used for various electronic communication to enable a group to work together better. Functions may
include group discussion, submission of reports and time sheets electronically, an on line help desk
Network Applications
database, forms design and access, and creating a document as a group such as configuration
management.
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
They are used to share data on a network. DBMS standards for distributed databases:
l SQL - Structured Query Language is a database access language. It is used by most client/server
database applications.
l ODBC - Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) from Microsoft lets application developers
integrate database connections in applications. It is an application programming interface (API).
ODBC drivers convert an application's query int SQL and send it to the database engine program.
l DRDA - Distributed Relational Database Architecture is from IBM.
When information is processed in a distributed database, it is called a transaction. The two phases of a
transaction are:
1. Write or Update - The data is temporarily updated. An abort can cancel what this phase did by
removing the changed data from a temporary storage area.
2. Commit - The changed data is made permanent in the database.
Databases store multiple copies of the data which is called replication. They must be sure the various
copies of the database on various servers is accurate with identical data. Data is also partitioned into
smaller blocks of data.
1. Stand alone applications - Includes editors
2. Network versions of stand alone applications - May be licensed for multiple users.
3. Applications only for a network include databases, mail, group scheduling, groupware.
Models for network applications
1. Client-server - Processing is split between the client which interacts with the user and the server
performing back end processing.
2. Shared file systems - The server is used for file storage and the processing of the file is done on
the client computer.
3. Applications that are centralized - An example is a Telnet session. The data and the program run
on the central computer and the user uses an interface such as the Telnet client or X server to send
commands to the central computer and to see the results.
E-mail Systems
l Novell GroupWise - Also called Windows Messaging
l Microsoft Mail
l Microsoft Exchange - This is for the Microsoft Exchange Server. There is a Microsoft Exchange
client for the Microsoft Exchange server and a client for an internet mail account only.
l Lotus Notes
l cc:Mail - From Lotus and IBM
There are several types of programs used in the process of sending and receiving mail. They are:
l MUA - Mail users agent. This is the program a user will use to type e-mail. It usually incorporates
an editor for support. The user types the mail and it is passed to the sending MTA. This may also
be called the user agent (UA).
l MTA - Message transfer agent is used to pass mail from the sending machine to the receiving
machine. There is a MTA program running on both the sending and receiving machine. Sendmail
is a MTA.
l MS - Message Store is a storage area for messages that can't be delivered immediately when the
recipient is off-line.
l AU - Access Unit provides access to resources like fax, telex, and teletex.
l LDA - Local delivery agent on the receiving machine receives the mail from its MTA. This
program is usually procmail.
l Mail notifier - This program notifies the recipient that they have mail. Normally this requires two
Network Applications
programs, biff and comsat. Biff allows the administrator or user to turn on comsat service.
Other components of mail service include:
l Directory services - A list of users on a system. Microsoft provides a Global Address List and a
Personal Address Book.
l Post Office - This is where the messages are stored.
Mail API
Mail application programming interfaces (APIs) allow e-mail support to be integrated into application
programs.
l MAPI - Microsoft's Messaging API incorporated throughout Microsoft's office products provides
support for mail at the application level.
l VIM - Vendor-Independent Messaging protocol from Lotus is supported by many vendors
exclusive of Microsoft.
Message Handling Service (MHS)
l MHS and Global MHS by Novell
l MHS by OSI - It is called MOTIS (message-oriented text interchange system).
X.500
This is a recommendation outlining how an organization can share objects and names on a large network.
It is hierarchical similar to DNS, defining domains consisting of organizations, divisions, departments,
and workgroups. The domains provide information about the users and available resources on that
domain, This X.500 system is like a directory. Its recommendation comes from the International
Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT).
Scheduling systems
l Microsoft Schedule+
l Lotus Organizer
Groupware
Used for various electronic communication to enable a group to work together better. Functions may
include group discussion, submission of reports and time sheets electronically, an on line help desk
Network Applications
database, forms design and access, and creating a document as a group such as configuration
management.
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
They are used to share data on a network. DBMS standards for distributed databases:
l SQL - Structured Query Language is a database access language. It is used by most client/server
database applications.
l ODBC - Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) from Microsoft lets application developers
integrate database connections in applications. It is an application programming interface (API).
ODBC drivers convert an application's query int SQL and send it to the database engine program.
l DRDA - Distributed Relational Database Architecture is from IBM.
When information is processed in a distributed database, it is called a transaction. The two phases of a
transaction are:
1. Write or Update - The data is temporarily updated. An abort can cancel what this phase did by
removing the changed data from a temporary storage area.
2. Commit - The changed data is made permanent in the database.
Databases store multiple copies of the data which is called replication. They must be sure the various
copies of the database on various servers is accurate with identical data. Data is also partitioned into
smaller blocks of data.
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